The present review paper focus on the analysis of the heat transfer enhancement and the considerable pressure drop below a flat surface equipped with Various forms of perforated fins in a rectangular channel. Heat sinks are widely employed in electronics industries for lowering the temperature to avoid any damage of integrated circuits and improve its overall performance. Fins play key role in heat sinks. The various geometrical aspects of the fin as well as material properties plays vital role in heat transfer rate. These properties should be optimized to obtain maximum possible thermal efficiency. Lot of researches are done by researchers to obtain the relation between various thermodynamic properties such as heat, temperature gradient due to ambient conditions. The heat transfer is enhanced by optimizing the geometrical aspects of the heat sink. As the geometrical aspects have higher impact on overall results. this review paper investigate how the fin arrangement (staggered or in-line), orientation, perforation and geometry affect heat transfer and friction characteristics of convective heat transfer in a force convection.

The present study has aimed to identify the transmission channels of the monetary policy on the domestic product and on the general level of prices in Algeria. In order to do so, we have applied the vector autoregressive model. The study has used quarterly data from the period between 1990 and 2010. Results show that when the discount rate is used as a variable that represents the monetary policy, then the interest rate and the exchange rate channels will have a role in transmitting the variations of the monetary policy to the domestic product. When inflation is targeted, the channels of the monetary policy had no significant role in the monetary transmission. When the money market rate is used as a variable that represents the monetary policy, the exchange rate and the credit channels had a significant role in transmitting the effects of the monetary policy to the domestic product and to the general level of prices.

the term 'Outsourcing'   has currently become a Universal business phenomenon swaying the whole world. The IT Enabled Services, synonymous to 'BPO' , has emerged as one of the key drivers of success as well as growth for the Indian economy. This industry is although barely two decades old but has placed India in a commanding position with optimistic future growth prospects in exports as well domestic markets. The success story of this industry can be attributed to several demand drivers and potential game changers. These are such as Vertical realignment of business, Technology solutions, Business process reengineering, globalization of service delivery & Business scalability. This along with the sustainable  business practices having  focus on Innovation and Technology forecast has gained more relevance in the present scenario as several new and previously untouched areas in outsourcing are emerging such as investment research support, GIS, data mining, remote education, market research, content development, data analytics etc. Moreover there are various formidable  challenges to be overcome by the managers in this era of inorganic growth  with rampant Mergers & Acquisitions such as combating high attrition level, rising cost, competition posed by other low cost nations, managing cross cultural differences etc. This has special significance in the current era of economic recession with constantly squeezing   margins. The present research paper has focused on these demand drivers and potential game Changers.  Thus having proper knowledge about these new developments and adapting the leadership styles to changing  circumstances  with proper understanding of the psyche of subordinates has become a new 'Mool-mantra'. It will also lead to giving unprecedented fillip to this industry and ensure its long term success and growth.

Mechanical faults, stator faults and rotor faults are the major faults of induction motors. Rotor faults constitute about 10% of total faults of induction motors. The main reasons of rotor faults are the broken rotor bars. Many methods have been used to detect broken rotor bars till now. In this paper, a new method is introduced. A squirrel-cage induction motor is modeled by using MATLAB/Simulink. Model takes motor speed as an input and finds the frequency of side-band harmonics of stator current. Then model compares the magnitudes of side-band harmonics with the magnitude of fundamental component and classifies them according to the number of broken rotor bars. At any load and speed, the method can find and classify the broken rotor bars based on the number of broken rotor bars. Experimental results, along with simulation results verifies the effectiveness of the method.

This article is dedicated to review the most popular (common) existing performance measurement and management (PMM) frameworks and systems and identify their strengths and weaknesses. We synthesize and evaluate them against the identified performance concepts required to develop a contemporary performance measurement and management systems. Finally, we come to the conclusion that none of them proposes a holistic approach. We think by advocating an activity- based approach for PMM. Activity is one of the sources of value creation, which is the ultimate goal of every organization. Moreover, the performance measure is the core element of continuous improvement philosophy.

The possibility of joint assessments of actual and scenario estimates of probability characteristics of long-term river runoff and evaporation was shown. A model in the form of linear shaping filter, which decisions in a statistically stationary mode result in K. Pearson distribution class was used. Visualization of the resulting estimates was given in the form of one-dimensional manifolds, representing probability curves in three dimensions (security, runoff, evaporation). It was shown that selective evaporation value increases as probability of precipitations grows in all climate zones of the Northern and Southern hemispheres.

This paper presents a novel design comprising an original use of photovoltaic technologies for utilization of solar energy while satisfying a growing need for a sustainable environment. We suggest using a lighter-than-air helium-filled platform containing embedded thin photovoltaic arrays (PVA) in order to extract electrical power from the incoming solar radiation (insolation). The goal is to develop an efficient, portable, land-area independent, inexpensive and reliable energy source for all. Three concepts are developed: A simple, helium-filled spherical balloon containing a PVA on the outer skin surface; a specialized paraboloidic balloon with a transparent upper part and an opaque lower part containing paraboloid-shaped photovoltaic cells on the inner surface, thus increasing the insolation conversion efficiency; and the same balloon wherein the inner collectors are replaced by flexible thin mirrors, and the upper transparent part contains a PVA at the focus of the inner paraboloid-shaped mirror, thus augmenting the insolation. In both the spherical and paraboloidic configurations, the power output is similar; however, the power-to volume ratio of the paraboloidic design is higher. We present a detailed preliminary design, including a thorough mechanical design as well as an aerodynamic analysis. The mechanical layout consists of three segments: The balloon; an insulated strapping cable system; and a ground segment. The subsequent aerodynamic analysis substantiates the ability of the proposed balloon and strapping cable system to withstand considerable drag and lift forces while maintaining feasible performance.

A simple techniques have been developed to make biochar from cane trash. The biochar result from hhree types of kiln (drum kiln, trench kiln and mound kiln)  was compared with vacuum pyrolysis reactor. The study was conducted in Asembagus Experimental Station of Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute (ISFCRI), East Java (7o45'34.62" S, 114o15'8.15" E) and ISFCRI Laboratory, Malang, East Java (7o54'32.34" S, 112o37'22.45" E). Variables observed were the performance techniques of making biochar, its characteristics and production cost. The results showed that the simple techniques produced biochar of 33.7%, 25.1% and 26.6% respectively for drum, trench and mound kiln. Biochar produced by drum kiln have 35.20% of carbon and 15.08 cmolkg-1 of cation exchange capacity, lower than other techniques. Nutrient content of biochar produced from drum kiln higher than the trench and mound kiln. FTIR spectras showed sugarcane trash biochar have major functional groups potentially as a source of the charge. SEM analyses showed that biochar made with simple techniques have a microstructure that is almost the same withthat of produced by pyrolysis. Drum kiln was faster and easier to applied than trench and mound kiln.

In this paper we review and discuss the techniques that are used in the present and past decades, to improve the linearity and reduce the contents of noise. Versatile low noise amplifier is used in satellite communication Wi-Max, GSM, broadband mixer, power amplifier, active baluns and multiband amplifiers. It has important feature like amplification of the signal with rejection of noise as preferred in modern communication as a filter with amplifier. In recent scenario low noise amplifier is available in wide band, multi-band frequency application. In present days this techniques are used as transmission line to reduce the reflection of signals exists by elements and connecting interface inside the amplifier, amplifier available in high gain, less noise figure, less power consumption. Today's technology required high speed of transmission efficiency with small power consumption and less utilization of elements to construct amplifier and full-fill all the requirement of modern wireless communications. Therefore we review and discuss about the future requirement of technology, discuss the issues and its application. Recent trends to improve performance and surveyed almost all the possible work done in the past decades.

Power transmission congestion plays a major role for power crisis, because with transmission congestion power transmission capacity  reduced so it is necessary to reduce the congestion issues in transmission system in order to maximum utilization as much as possible. This is achieved by applying flexible AC transmission system device (FACTS) for providing reactive power to compensate the transmission system. In this paper, simulation of IEEE 12 Bus model with static Var compensator (SVC) developed in the electrical transient analysis program (ETAP). Simulation on IEEE 12 Bus Transmission system is done to analysis the load flow study and safe & economic power transaction without congestion in stable transmission system environment. The performance of stable transmission system calculate by comparison of random placement and optimal placement of static Var compensator. The result obtained show that optimal placement of SVC is more economic than random placement of SVC to stable transmission system.

Rainfall runoff modelling has gaining tremendous importance in many application of operational hydrology. Hydrological models can be used for water resource management such as flood estimation, flood forecasting, design and management of irrigation systems. In this paper rainfall runoff-modelling for Hiranyakeshi watershed was assessed by using Source (GR4J) model. The modelling carried out by two stages, firstly setting up of geographic wizard scenario and secondly calibration and validation of model for the Hiranyakeshi watershed. The Nash Sutcliffe Coefficient (NSE) is used to check model accuracy. The study is intended to assess runoff generation from Hiranyakeshi watershed and to know the four parameters contributing to the runoff.

Doped thin viscosity reduction technology is the traditional heavy oil viscosity reduction technology, the complex viscosity, oil soluble viscosity reduction technology are two new types of heavy oil viscosity-reducing technique. Different production process is accompanied by a certain environmental emission, in order to identify key emission process, find the fundamental way to reduce emissions, and to reduce the environmental pollution of the application of the viscosity reducing technology is an important issue. With two new visbreaking technology as the research object, based on life cycle method, combined with resource consumption and environmental emissions in the process of the heavy oil exploitation, study on the contribution of different production processes to global warming potential (GWP) and (AP) acidification potential, photochemical smog and other types of environmental impact. The results show that underground oil production process is the most influential process, the contribution rate of the underground oil production process to GWP is more than 80%.the contribution rate of AP and photochemical smog are more than 90%. Reducing the energy consumption of key emission link, improving the energy utilization rate and updating the nitrogen and sulfide purification facilities are significant for realizing the environmental friendly production of viscosity technology.

A novel planar ultrawide band (UWB) antenna with double scored groups is proposed and examined. The antenna comprises of a square fix and a changed grounded plane. To figure it out double scored groups attributes, a T-molded stub installed in the square space of the radiation patch and a couple of U-molded parasitic strips close to the food line is utilized. The upside of this antenna is the high dismissal level in the stopband. The deliberate results demonstrate that the proposed double indented groups planar antenna demonstrates a wide transmission capacity from 2.8 to 11.0 GHz characterized by voltage standing wave proportion VSWR<2 , with two indented groups of 3.3-4.0 GHz (WiMAX band) and 5.05–5.90 GHz (WLAN band), separately. Both the exploratory and reenacted aftereffects of the proposed reception apparatus are introduced, showing that the antenna is a great possibility for different UWB applications.

Wrapping technology is one of the effective ways of strengthening concrete elements. Several researchers reported the effectiveness of Glass fiber reinforced polymers and carbon fiber reinforced polymers for improving the strength of the concrete elements. Wrapping on three sides is one of the effective methods for strengthening the beams supporting slabs. Scant literature is available on the strength enhancement of “U” wrapped concrete elements subjected to torsional loads. Prediction of torque and twist is reported in literature for wrapping of FRP material. No such calculation is found for ferrocement wrapping materials. In this investigation an attempt is made to quantify the improvement in twist of “U” wrapped rectangular concrete members subjected to torsional loads “U” wraps.  Ferrocement is taken here as wrapping material as it is economic and best suited for developing countries. Beams were cast with different number of mesh layers with different torsional reinforcement. The beams were analyzed by soft computing method MARS. The same has been derived by analytical model using softened truss model of Hsu with modification in material properties. Softening of concrete and ferrocement is taken into account. Ferrocement “U” wrapped beams are found to undergo more twist than un-wrapped beams. The plain “U” wrap beam has a twist of 0.0054 rad/m while under reinforced beam U3N undergoes a twist of 0.155 rad/m. This shows “U” wrapped beam undergoes maximum twist in comparison of plain “U” wrapped beams. The predictions for twist at ultimate torque are in good agreement with experimental test results. Soften truss model better predicts over soft computing.

Noise Mapping is a study made to differentiate the city into zones according to different Noise levels. It records Noise as is actually present in a location and compares it to the ideal noise levels, as stipulated by the standards given. A comparative study was conducted on four strategic locations in Mumbai city on No-Honking day and Regular day using aSound Level Meter (SLM). The Leq, Noise Climate, and Noise pollution levels were calculated. It was found that there is a considerable difference in noise levels on no honking day and regular day, although the overall readings were very high and above the permissible limits. The average values throughout were 70-80dB.

Thermoelectric generator is a renewable power generation that using temperature difference of two semiconductors to be converted into electrical energy through a thermoelectric element is based on the principle of Seebeck effect. However, the efficiency of this generator is lower than 10%. In this research, the a DC / DC converter implemented in thermoelectric generators system to improve the energy produced and to be located at the point of maximum employment despite the changes in load and temperature changes. The energy produced by thermoelectric generators system will be stored in 6 V batteries and DC / DC converter on the thermoelectric generator can stabilize 7.36 volts. The experiment result show that the voltage can stabilized and the efficiency can improve until  30%.

Historical document contain useful information. It gives chance to know about history of individual, family and conventions with old authentic confirmation. Many manuscripts are written on leaves which may contain ancient culture. They have very limited life span. The causes for degradation of document are environment condition and human negligence. Protection of these old documents is required for our future reference. Image processing technology can help to enhance these documents. It allows extracting text information from document. In proposed system Retinex enhancement technique is used. To get better improvement further Gaussian filter is applied. To do extraction of text from document background variational edge thresholding is used. As it is sensitive to edge most of border areas are preserved. The final image is binary image. It is analyzed that the proposed technique produces better results by removing background noise and improves the quality of document.

Voltage stability challenges of the Nigeria power system which stem from inadequate generation and poor power evacuation capability of the transmission facilities need not be over emphasized.  The major problems confronting Nigeria power network are low voltage violations, high voltage violations and line MVA limits violations. Voltage violations occur at the buses, which suggest that voltage at the bus is less than or greater than the specified value, which may lead to voltage stability problems. This paper therefore evaluated the voltage profiles of the present 28-bus Nigeria power network via continuation power flow techniques. The results show that under normal operating conditions, all the 28-bus voltage profiles were violated as ±5% tolerance of the rated value were exceeded. It also exposed the network’s poor loadability limits as well as low voltage stability indices problem.

Removal of heavy metals from wastewater is difficult and expensive. The use of methods such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange, activated carbon and adsorption is costly. The search of simpler and less expensive method becomes a main research focus. This study aims to adopt a new technique using pomegranate tannin with flocculant to remove heavy metals in urban wastewater .Removal of iron, cooper and zinc is performed. The tannin extracted from the skin of pomegranate is poured in wastewater to be treated .The flocculant is added after 30mn at 12h so that metals are combined with flocks that are removed by filtration. Experiments with synthetics solutions at concentrations between 20mg/l and 80mg/l showed the efficiency of method, proven by obtaining colored flocks. The taking of wastewater sample to add tannin and flocculant showed the difference in the amount of iron, copper, and zinc in wastewater, before and after treatment. Wastewaters between 0,54mg/l and 3,41mg/l of heavy metals are treated. Yields can reached up to 94.72%. At a high temperature with vigorous stirring, treatment can happen very quickly. This technique of wastewater treatment removes the metallic cations to a very low amount. It is a technique that preserves the environment; less expensive, durable and adapt to classical techniques of water treatment by the use of flocculants.

Due to Economic Growth, Changing Consumption and Production Patterns, there is a rapid increase in generation of waste plastics all around the world. This study investigated the possibility of utilizing waste fiber to reinforce soils to pave way forits use in civil engineering projects such as in road bases, embankments and slope stabilization. The main objective of this study is to investigate the use of plastic waste materials in geotechnical applications and to evaluate the effects of waste polypropylene fibers on shear strength of the unsaturated soil by carrying out shear tests and unconfined compression tests on two different soil samples. Laboratory results obtained favourably suggest that inclusion of this material in alluvial soils would be effective for subgrade improvement in geotechnical engineering.

This paper represent the future possibilities of   work with recycled aggregate, along the combination of cement & Pond Ash. The bricks, metal and wood items are reused in new construction but the concrete and masonry waste which forms more than 50% of CDW are still not recycled in India. Therefore, there is need to recycle these concrete waste which are creating disposal problem in construction industry. These recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) which are cheaply available from construction and demolition sites can be used in highways construction i.e. in base or sub-base layers of pavement. As the finance and funds are major problem in construction of rural roads, RCA can prove to be best alternative for rural roads which is cheap and sustainable option.

There are many advantages that lead to the use of RCA materials as pavement material in bases/sub-bases of roads. The main advantages of using RCA in the construction industry are of sustainable values and environmental issues. The wastes from construction and demolition works are of large volume and increasing over time. To overcome this issue, sustainable construction is one of the strategies to be considered by the construction industry. One way of achieving this is to introduce recycled aggregates from these wastes of construction and demolition works into pavements.